Cancer is a growing global concern, and Samoa is no exception. According to the National Cancer Policy and Action Plan, the increasing prevalence of late-stage cancer diagnosis and lifestyle-related cancers presents significant challenges to the healthcare system. However, many cancers can be prevented, detected early, and treated effectively. By raising awareness and adopting healthier lifestyles, we can significantly reduce the cancer burden in Samoa.

Prevention: The First Line of Defense

Prevention is the most powerful tool in the fight against cancer. Research indicates that nearly one-third of all cancers are linked to lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, poor diet, obesity, and lack of physical activity. Implementing positive lifestyle changes can dramatically lower cancer risk:

• Quit Smoking: Tobacco use is a leading cause of lung, throat, and other cancers. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that tobacco use accounts for approximately 22% of global cancer deaths. Studies show that quitting smoking at any age significantly lowers cancer risk, improves lung function, and reduces cardiovascular disease risk. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and counselling services have proven effective in aiding cessation (WHO, 2021).

• Limit Alcohol Consumption: Excessive alcohol intake is a significant risk factor for liver, breast, oesophagal, and digestive system cancers. Research from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) confirms a direct correlation between alcohol consumption and increased cancer risk. Reducing alcohol intake, or abstaining altogether, can lower this risk. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that men consume no more than two drinks per day and women no more than one to minimize health risks (CDC, 2021).

• Adopt a Healthy Diet: A traditional Samoan diet rich in fresh fruits, vegetables, and fish is far healthier than processed foods high in sugar and fat. The American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) highlights that diets high in whole foods, fibre, and antioxidants can significantly reduce cancer risk. Avoiding highly processed and red meats, while increasing intake of leafy greens, legumes, and omega-3-rich fish, is highly beneficial.

• Stay Physically Active: Regular exercise helps maintain a healthy weight and reduces the risk of several cancers, including breast and colon cancer. The WHO recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise per week for adults to enhance overall well-being and prevent non-communicable diseases, including cancer.

• Get Vaccinated: Vaccines against Hepatitis B and Human Papillomavirus (HPV) can prevent liver and cervical cancers, respectively. The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) emphasises the importance of nationwide vaccination programs in reducing cancer prevalence. Ensuring that children and adults receive these essential vaccinations can prevent long-term health complications.

Early Detection Saves Lives

Cancers diagnosed at an early stage are far more likely to be treated successfully. Unfortunately, many Samoans seek medical attention only when cancer has reached an advanced stage, making treatment more difficult. Regular screenings and awareness of early symptoms are crucial:

• Breast Cancer: Women should perform regular self-examinations and seek clinical breast exams. Mammograms are recommended for women over 40, where available.

• Cervical Cancer: Routine Pap smears or HPV testing can detect early changes in cervical cells, enabling timely treatment.

• Ovarian Cancer: Since ovarian cancer is often diagnosed at a late stage, women must recognise symptoms such as bloating, pelvic pain, and changes in appetite. Those with a family history should discuss genetic testing and screening options with a doctor.

• Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer: Postmenopausal bleeding is a common early symptom of endometrial cancer. Women experiencing unusual bleeding should seek medical advice promptly.

• Prostate Cancer: Men over 50 should consult their doctors about prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests.

• Bowel Cancer: Persistent changes in bowel habits or the presence of blood in stool warrant immediate medical consultation.

Changing Perceptions and Overcoming Stigma

Fear of a cancer diagnosis often leads to delays in seeking medical help. However, cancer is not a death sentence, especially when detected early. Breaking the stigma surrounding cancer through open conversations and encouraging proactive health measures is crucial.

Community involvement plays a vital role in supporting cancer prevention and early diagnosis. Schools, churches, and local organisations can help spread awareness and promote healthy behaviour. Government initiatives, including the integration of cancer screenings into primary healthcare services, are important steps forward.

Strengthening Samoa’s Cancer Care System

While overseas treatment options exist, strengthening local healthcare services is the most sustainable approach. Expanding screening programs, enhancing diagnostic facilities, and training healthcare professionals in cancer care will greatly improve early detection and treatment outcomes.

Additionally, palliative care services must be expanded to ensure that patients with advanced cancer receive the best possible comfort and support. Family members caring for loved ones should also receive appropriate guidance and assistance.

A Call to Action

Every individual in Samoa can contribute to the fight against cancer. By making healthier lifestyle choices, encouraging loved ones to get screened, and supporting community initiatives, we can work towards a future with fewer preventable cancer cases.

Let’s unite in prioritising cancer awareness, prevention, and early diagnosis. A healthier Samoa starts with all of us.

For more information on cancer prevention and screening, visit your nearest healthcare centre or contact the Samoa Cancer Society.

Dr Ding Xu is part of the Chinese Medical Team working in Samoa. He is the Deputy Chief Physician of Oncology at the TTM Hospital.